O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar a noção de corpo no pensamento do filósofo alemão Friedrich Nietzsche, mais especificamente a partir de uma leitura de alguns temas presentes na II Dissertação da Genealogia da Moral, basilares para se mobilizar tal noção. Dentre as questões elencadas encontram-se o papel da consciência, a memória, o esquecimento, o sentimento de culpa e a figura do criminoso que, partindo-se da leitura a que nos propomos, podem ser de fundamental importância para se pensar o (...) corpo em Nietzsche. (shrink)

Digitale Kameras werden immer besser und preisgünstiger. Der Umstieg von analoger auf digitale Fotografie bietet sich an. Mit viel Humor gibt die Fotoexpertin dem Einsteiger Tipps, auf welche Funktionen er bei Digitalkameras zu achten hat und welche technischen Einzelheiten beim Fotografieren wichtig sind. Unscharfe oder unterbelichtete Fotos sind kein Problem mehr mit Hilfe des Computers und der richtigen Software. Hier erfährt der Leser, wie er die Vorteile der digitalen Fotografie voll ausnutzen und schöne Fotos am Computer noch schöner machen kann. (...) Der Leser erfährt: * Was man beim Kauf einer Kamera beachten sollte * Wie das Kameramenü bei der richtigen Bedienung der Kamera weiterhilft * Wie man die Fotos aus der Kamera in den Computer bekommt * Was das alles bedeutet: Pixel, Parallaxe und Weißabgleich * Wie man Bilder mit Photoshop Elements schöner machen kann * Worauf beim Ausdrucken zu achten ist. (shrink)

Reading the Maha?vam?sa: The Literary Aims of a Therava?da Buddhist History by Kristin Scheible. Columbia University Press, 2016. 240 pp. Hb. $60. ISBN-13: 978-0-2311-7138-0.

Argumentamos, no artigo, a partir de uma análise sistemática da produção literária de escritores/as indígenas brasileiros/as, que, desde a segunda metade do século XX, os povos indígenas passaram a afirmar a e a utilizar-se da esfera pública, sob a forma de ativismo, de militância e de engajamento, enquanto a estratégia e o lugar por excelência para a tematização da questão indígena no país, como forma de reação a processos de expansão socioeconômica e de negação político-cultural que punham em xeque a (...) sua própria existência, bem como em termos de recusa seja do paternalismo tecnocrático, seja da ideia de responsabilidade relativa a eles impostos. Com o objetivo de consolidarem-se como sujeitos público-políticos atuantes, eles optaram pela educação escolar e pela apropriação de ferramentas epistemológicas e técnicas digitais que lhes permitissem inserir-se na socialização nacional, modernizar-se política, cultural e epistemologicamente para, com isso, dinamizar uma perspectiva de crítica de nossa modernização conservadora a partir da auto-organização comunitária interna e desde a construção de uma rede de interação entre as nações indígenas. Rompe-se, por meio disso, com a imagem produzida cultural e normativamente pela colonização do/a índio/a selvagem, rude e bárbaro/a, confinado/a ao mais recôndito de nossas matas, incapaz de civilização; e, em seu lugar, consolida-se exatamente esse/a indígena socializado/a, modernizado/a, no pleno uso de sua cidadania política, produzindo e publicizando conhecimento, cultura e arte próprias. Da apropriação da educação escolar e dessas ferramentas e técnicas epistemológico-digitais passa-se, portanto, a uma postura ativista, militante e engajada na esfera pública, política e cultural, por meio da correlação de Movimento Indígena e de literatura indígena, em que a promoção da singularidade étnico-antropológica está na base da própria crítica à modernidade constituída e realizada pelos povos indígenas, seus/as intelectuais e escritores/as. (shrink)

O texto aborda a correlação de democracia, diversidade e educação a partir da condição própria às minorias político-culturais que são efetivamente construídas desde a tríade racismo biológico, fundamentalismo religioso e eurocentrismo-colonialismo, rediviva política e culturalmente pela ascensão do fascismo como eixo estruturante das instituições e da vida sociopolítica brasileira hodierna enquanto consequência e estágio último de nossa modernização conservadora. Nosso problema de investigação pode ser definido com a seguinte pergunta: como é possível desconstruir-se a tríade racismo, fundamentalismo e colonialismo, base (...) de nossa modernização conservadora, a partir da condição, da história e dos valores próprios às minorias político-culturais? Nossa resposta, construída a partir de reflexões fundadas na teoria social e no pensamento negro, indígena e queer, é dupla: minorias político-culturais permitem a pluralização dos sujeitos, das histórias, das experiências, das práticas e dos valores constitutivos de nossa sociedade, desnaturalizando e politizando sua evolução e suas condições presentes; e é necessário que essa consolidação pública, política e cultural das e pelas minorias possa ser institucionalizada em termos de formulação de currículos, conteúdos, práticas e valores próprios à educação básica pública, uma vez que a militância social por elas assumida depende, para sua efetividade, tanto dessa institucionalização a ser assumida pela escola básica pública quanto, a partir daqui, da dinamização de processos educativos que, baseados exatamente na condição e no sentido dessas minorias político-culturais dentro do amplo processo de modernização conservadora brasileira, atinjam nossa coletividade como um todo, moldando uma nova cultura democrática, pluralista, equalizada e reflexiva. (shrink)

Drawing on the views of donors and recipients about anonymity in a country that is experiencing a transition towards non-anonymous gamete donation mandated by the Constitutional Court, we explore how the intersection between rights-based approaches and an empirical framework enhances recommendations for ethical policy and healthcare. Between July 2017 and April 2018, 69 donors and 147 recipients, recruited at the Portuguese Public Bank of Gametes, participated in this cross-sectional study. Position towards anonymity was assessed through an open-ended question in a (...) self-report questionnaire, which was subject to content analysis. Preference for an anonymous donation regime was mentioned by 82.6% of donors and 89.8% of recipients; and all those with children. Instead of the rights-based reasoning used by the Constitutional Court, donors highlighted concerns over future relationships and recipients focused on socioethical values linked with the safeguard of safety, privacy and confidentiality. The remaining participants advocated the choice between anonymity or non-anonymity, invoking respect for their autonomy. The complex, diverse ethical views and reasoning of donors and recipients expand a traditionally dichotomous discussion. Their perspectives challenge the transition towards non-anonymity and international guidelines, raising awareness to the need for their involvement in the design of policies to enable choice according to their values and preferences, and of psychosocial counselling responsive to their socioethical concerns and sensitive to their parental status. Empirical frameworks complement rights-based approaches to uphold justice, fairness and equal respect, and to incorporate utility, beneficence and non-maleficence in policymaking and healthcare in the transition towards non-anonymity. (shrink)

Neste artigo, desenvolveremos a crítica de Ailton Krenak à modernidade-modernização ocidental como uma monocultura de ideias que se constitui como uma estrutura autorreferencial, autossubsistente, endógena, autônoma e autossuficiente, não necessitando do outro da modernidade em termos de ajuda e de crítica. Utilizando a ideia de colonialismo como teoria da modernidade, identificaremos cinco problemas fundamentais apresentados pela teoria da modernidade-modernização ocidental de Jürgen Habermas que justificam a crítica de Ailton Krenak, a saber: a modernidade como uma sociedade-cultura marcada por uma singularidade (...) absoluta, enquanto universalismo-globalismo pós-metafísico via racionalidade cultural-comunicativa, diferente de todo o resto das sociedades-culturas como tradicionalismo em geral via fundamentações essencialistas e naturalizadas; a compreensão do processo de constituição e de desenvolvimento da modernidade europeia como um movimento-princípio endógeno, autônomo, autossuficiente e fechado relativamente ao outro da modernidade, plenamente capaz de autocompreensão, autorreflexividade e autocorreção desde dentro, por seus próprios meios, sem necessidade de ajuda externa; a redução da dinâmica constitutiva e caracterizadora da modernidade como correlação, separação e tensão-contradição entre modernidade cultural e modernização econômico-social, com o silenciamento sobre o e o apagamento do colonialismo como movimento, princípio e consequência do processo de modernização ocidental; a compreensão restritiva do caminho constitutivo e evolutivo da modernidade-modernização ocidental, como um processo reto, direto e linear que vai da Europa moderna ao Primeiro e Segundo Mundos, mais uma vez silenciando-se sobre e apagando o Terceiro Mundo enquanto parte constitutiva e consequência da modernidade-modernização ocidental como um todo; e, finalmente, a correlação de modernidade cultural com/como o gênero humano, do gênero humano como um grande processo de modernização e de cada sociedade-cultura particular como uma proto-modernidade, o que sustenta e respalda exatamente a modernidade-modernização ocidental como ápice da evolução humana e, assim, seu sentido e sua vocação universalistas-globalistas, característica negada ao outro da modernidade. (shrink)

Resumo: Apresenta-se, neste texto, a perspectiva de uma crítica da modernidade, por parte do pensamento indígena brasileiro, a partir da sua denúncia da modernização como movimento expansivo totalizante que tem, na imbricação de eurocentrismo-colonialismo-racismo e/como fascismo, seu núcleo estruturante e dinamizador. Defende-se a proposta de um pensamento-práxis indígena que oferece uma explicação alternativa da modernização, enquanto guerra de colonização calcada no racismo estrutural e tendo como consequência o etnocídio-genocídio planificado, o qual também propõe um papel epistêmico-político-normativo aos indígenas, por eles (...) e desde suas formas de ser e estar no mundo, a saber, pacificar o branco. Com isso, inverte-se uma tripla lógica da modernidade: a modernidade como uma perspectiva endógena, autorreferencial e autossubsistente; a modernidade como movimento expansivo linear e reto, rumo ao universalismo pós-tradicional - e como universalismo pós-tradicional - via racionalidade cultural-comunicativa; e a modernidade como a condição exclusiva e necessária da crítica da modernização, da crítica do outro da modernidade e do sustento de uma noção universal de direitos humanos, os quais os outros da modernidade não conseguiriam gerar e nem sustentar.: We develop the perspective of a criticism of modernity by Brazilian Indigenous thinking, from its denounce of modernization as an expansive and totalizing movement that has in the imbrication of eurocentrism-colonialism-racism and/as fascism its structuring and streamlining core. We will argue the proposal of an Indigenous thinking-praxis that offers and alternative explanation of modernity as war of colonization based on structural racism and having as consequence the institutional ethnocide-genocide against Indigenous and Blacks; and also that proposes an epistemic-political-normative role to Indigenous since their forms of being in the world, that is, to pacify the White man. Therefore, we have the inversion of a triple logic of modernity: the modernity as an endogenous, self-referential and self-subsistent perspective; the modernity as a lineal and direct expansive movement towards post-traditional universalism - and as post-traditional universalism - from cultural-communicative rationalization; and the modernity as the exclusive and necessary condition for the criticism of modernity, for the criticism of the others of modernity and for the basement of an universal notion of human rights, tasks that the others of modernity cannot generate or sustain. (shrink)

Picking up the question of what FLaK might be, this editorial considers the relationship between openness and closure in feminist legal studies. How do we draw on feminist struggles for openness in common resources, from security to knowledge, as we inhabit a compromised space in commercial publishing? We think about this first in relation to the content of this issue: on image-based abuse continuums, asylum struggles, trials of protestors, customary justice, and not-so-timely reparations. Our thoughts take us through the different (...) ways that openness and closure work in struggles against violence, cruel welcomes, and re-arrangements of code and custom. Secondly, we share some reflections on methodological openness and closure as the roundtable conversation on asylum, and the interview with Riles, remind us of #FLaK2016 and its method of scattering sources as we think about how best to mix knowledges. Thirdly, prompted by the FLaK kitchen table conversations on openness, publishing and ‘getting the word out’, we respond to Kember’s call to ‘open up open access’. We explain the different current arrangements for opening up FLS content and how green open access, the sharedit initiative, author request and publisher discretion present alternatives to gold open access. Finally drawing on Franklin and Spade, we show how there are a range of ‘wench tactics’—adapting gifts, stalling and resting—which we deploy as academic editors who are trying to have an impact on the access, use and circulation of our journal, even though we do not own the journal we edit. These wench tactics are alternatives to the more obvious or reported tactic of resignation, or withdrawing academic labour from editing and reviewing altogether. They help us think about brewing editorial time, what ambivalence over our 25th birthday might mean, and how to inhabit painful places. In this, we respond in our own impure, compromised way to da Silva’s call not to forget the native and slave as we do FLaK, and repurpose shrapnel, in our common commitments. (shrink)

Criticamos, no artigo, duas exigências fundamentais postas pelo paradigma normativo da modernidade como condição da crítica, da reflexividade e da emancipação, a saber, a racionalização epistemológica dos sujeitos, das práticas e dos valores como critério da justificação e da validade, e o procedimentalismo imparcial, neutro, formal e impessoal como práxis da fundamentação ético-política. Argumentaremos que essas duas exigências teórico-práticas levam a dois graves problemas para uma teoria social crítica e para uma práxis política emancipatória relativamente à modernidade: primeiro, sujeitos epistemológico-políticos (...) marginalizados pela modernidade teriam de abandonar a carnalidade e a vinculação ao seu contexto e sua situação de vítimas da modernidade como condição de uma perspectiva crítica frente à própria modernidade como universalismo epistemológico-moral autêntico; segundo, uma perspectiva político-metodológica imparcial, neutral, formal e impessoal conduz tanto à apoliticidade e à despolitização dos sujeitos da fundamentação quanto à correlação de institucionalismo forte, cientificismo e lógica sistêmica, já que, nesse segundo caso, apenas as instituições e desde uma dinâmica lógico-técnica têm condições de assumir uma atuação e um enquadramento sociais nesses requisitos de imparcialidade, impessoalidade, neutralidade e formalismo. Como alternativa, apontaremos para a necessidade, por parte das vítimas da modernização, de uma voz- práxis política-politizante, carnal e vinculada, que tem como ponto de partida sua condição de marginalização e sua pertença social e antropológica como base da autoafirmação, da resistência e da luta e que se processa sob a forma de um anarquismo estético-político anti-sistêmico, anti-institucionalista e anti-cientificista, aberto, inclusivo e participativo. Palavras-chave: Modernização. Institucionalismo. Lógica sistêmica. Excluídos. Anarquismo estético-político. (shrink)

Wissen erzeugen, reflektieren und Verstehen fördern – Bilder haben vielfältige Funktionen. Ihr informativer Wert ist stark gewachsen, bildliche Kommunikation ist in Kunst, Unterhaltung oder Werbung ebenso relevant wie in den Naturwissenschaften oder der Philosophie. Das Studienbuch „Das Bild“ diskutiert die Fragen, was ein Bild ist, wie es verstanden, betrachtet oder erforscht werden kann, aber auch, welche politischen und ökonomischen Implikationen mit ihm verbunden sein können. Begrifflichkeiten und Betrachtungsweisen – Themen und Perspektiven Geschichte der Bildmedien und Bildfunktionen Bildforschung zwischen Hochkunst und (...) Populärkultur Formen, Farben, Linien: Zugänge zum Bildlichen Kontexte: Politische Repräsentation, Wissenschaft, Markt Kombinationen, Oppositionen: Ur- und Vorbilder, Reihen und Vergleiche, Text und Bild Diagramm, Raum, Bewegung: Visuelle Techniken der Übersicht, Einsicht und Aufzeichnung Pressestimmen: "Dieses Buch bietet eine für die Zielgruppe der Studenten der Kulturwissenschaften konzipierte Einführung in die Theorie und Geschichte des Bildes." Irene Ittekkot in: ekz-Informationsdienst, 20/2009 "Das zu besprechende Buch, eine in angenehmster Weise einer Schulkladde ähnelnde, sorgsam und sehr leserfreundlich gestaltete Broschur, spricht das Bedürfnis nach Allgemeinbildung an und erfüllt jenen Auftrag wohl nahezu vollkommen. [...] Bildererzeugung, Bildauswertung und Bildwahrnehmung [...] werden in ihrer historischen Entwicklung, wie auch Entwicklungsmodelle selbst, anschaulich, detailliert durchdacht und zuverlässig moderat im Überblick dargestellt. [...] Mit Bildern, Wissen vermittelnden, Verstehen fördernden und visuellen Repräsentationen, werden anhand der Forschungsergebnisse und Erfahrungen vor allem englisch- und deutschsprachiger Wissenschaftler 'soziale, technische oder ökonomische Blickweisen' erörtert, die - mit zunehmender Medialität - nach sprachlicher Differenzierung verlangen; ein Anspruch, den der Autor hervorragend einlöst." Heike Wetzig in: Journal für Kunstgeschichte, 13 1 "Matthias Bruhn [...] gelang mit dieser Publikation eine Fibel des Bildes. Insofern kann hier jeder Interessierte das Alphabet der Bilder lernen und sich darüber hinaus, mittels umfangreichem Serviceteil, weiterbilden. Dieses Angebot ist konkurrenzlos, [...] [ein] Grundlagenwerk." Sigrid Gaisreiter in: kunstbuchanzeiger.de, Juli 2009 Kommentare zum Buch: "Der Ansatz bzw. das Versprechen 'Theorie, Geschichte, Praxis' zu behandeln, wird tatsächlich eingehalten!" Tatjana Timoschenko, Universität Hamburg "Das Buch ist nicht nur schön gestaltet, sondern führt auch sehr gut in das Thema ein." Sebastian Funk, Universität Köln "Das Studienbuch überzeugt durch eine umfassende Behandlung des Themas auf gutem Niveau." Dr. Matthias Buck, Universität Halle "Das Buch vermittelt dem Leser einen guten Einstieg in die Thematik der Bildwissenschaft und versucht darüber hinaus den Blick des Lesers auf die verschiedenen Ebenen und Positionen zu lenken, in denen Bilder von Bedeutung sind. Dem Anspruch ein Studienbuch zu schaffen, in dem ein kompaktes Basiswissen vermittelt werden soll, wird der Autor hier vollkommen gerecht." Dominika Makowski, Studentin aus Hagen "Was ist ein Bild? Was kann mir ein Bild sagen? Was möchte das Bild ausdrücken? Wie kann ich das Bild erforschen? Was kann das Bild in Zusammenhang mit Politik oder Ökonomie bewirken? Mit diesen Frage ging ich – als Studentin der Kulturwissenschaften - an das Buch heran und fand erstaunlicherweise auf alle Fragen und noch viele weitere – nur unbewusst gestellte Fragen – eine verständliche Antwort." Melanie Witzik, Studentin aus Hof. (shrink)

This paper argues that early modern experimental philosophy emerged as the dominant member of a pair of methods in natural philosophy, the speculative versus the experimental, and that this pairing derives from an overarching distinction between speculative and operative philosophy that can be ultimately traced back to Aristotle. The paper examines the traditional classification of natural philosophy as a speculative discipline from the Stagirite to the seventeenth century; medieval and early modern attempts to articulate a scientia experimentalis; and the tensions (...) in the classification of natural magic and mechanics that led to the introduction of an operative part of natural philosophy in the writings of Francis Bacon and John Johnston. The paper concludes with a summary of the salient discontinuities between the experimental/speculative distinction of the mid-seventeenth century and its predecessors and a statement of the developments that led to the ascendance of experimental philosophy from the 1660s. (shrink)

The emergence of experimental philosophy was one of the most significant developments in the early modern period. However, it is often overlooked in modern scholarship, despite being associated with leading figures such as Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, David Hume and Christian Wolff. Ranging from the early Royal Society of London in the seventeenth century to the uptake of experimental philosophy in Paris and Berlin in the eighteenth, this book provides new terms of reference for (...) understanding early modern philosophy and science, and its eventual eclipse in the shadow of post-Kantian notions of empiricism and rationalism. Experimental Philosophy and the Origins of Empiricism is an integrated history of early modern experimental philosophy which challenges the rationalism and empiricism historiography that has dominated Anglophone history of philosophy for more than a century. (shrink)

In the mid-seventeenth century a movement of self-styled experimental philosophers emerged in Britain. Originating in the discipline of natural philosophy amongst Fellows of the fledgling Royal Society of London, it soon spread to medicine and by the eighteenth century had impacted moral and political philosophy and even aesthetics. Early modern experimental philosophers gave epistemic priority to observation and experiment over theorising and speculation. They decried the use of hypotheses and system-building without recourse to experiment and, in some quarters, developed a (...) philosophy of experiment. The movement spread to the Netherlands and France in the early eighteenth century and later impacted Germany. Its important role in early modern philosophy was subsequently eclipsed by the widespread adoption of the Kantian historiography of modern philosophy, which emphasised the distinction between rationalism and empiricism and had no place for the historical phenomenon of early modern experimental philosophy. The re-emergence of interest in early modern experimental philosophy roughly coincided with the development of contemporary x-phi and there are some important similarities between the two. (shrink)

In his essay against Eberhard, Kant denies that there are innate concepts. Several scholars take Kant’s statement at face value. They claim that Kant did not endorse concept innatism, that the categories are not innate concepts, and that Kant’s views on innateness are significantly different from Leibniz’s. This paper takes issue with those claims. It argues that Kant’s views on the origin of the intellectual concepts are remarkably similar to Leibniz’s. Given two widespread notions of innateness, the dispositional notion and (...) the input/output notion, intellectual concepts are innate for Kant no less than for Leibniz. (shrink)

This paper traces the ancestry of a familiar historiographical narrative, according to which early modern philosophy was marked by the development of empiricism, rationalism, and their synthesis by Immanuel Kant. It is often claimed that this narrative became standard in the nineteenth century, due to the influence of Thomas Reid, Kant and his disciples, or German Hegelians and British Idealists. The paper argues that the narrative became standard only at the turn of the twentieth century. This was not due to (...) the influence of Reid, German Hegelians, or British Idealists as they did not endorse the narrative, although Thomas Hill Green may have facilitated its uptake. The narrative is based on Kant’s historiographical sketches, as corrected and integrated by Karl Leonhard Reinhold. It was first fleshed out into full-fledged histories by two Kantians, Wilhelm Gottlieb Tennemann and Johann Gottlieb Buhle. Numerous historians, several of whom were not Kantians, spread it in the English-speaking world. They include Kuno Fischer, Friedrich Ueberweg, Richard Falckenberg, and Wilhelm Windelband. However, the wide availability of their works did not suffice to make the narrative standard because, until the 1890s, the Hegelian account was at least as popular as theirs. Among the factors that allowed the narrative to become standard are its aptness to be adopted by philosophers of the most diverse persuasions, its simplicity and suitability for teaching. (shrink)

Several scholars have criticized the histories of early modern philosophy based on the dichotomy of empiricism and rationalism. They view them as overestimating the importance of epistemological issues for early modern philosophers (epistemological bias), portraying Kant's Critical philosophy as a superior alternative to empiricism and rationalism (Kantian bias), and forcing most or all early modern thinkers prior to Kant into the empiricist or rationalist camps (classificatory bias). Kant is often said to be the source of the three biases. Against this (...) criticism, this paper argues that Kant did not have the three biases. However, he promoted a way of writing histories of philosophy from which those biases would naturally flow. (shrink)

Although the notion of empiricism looms large in many histories of early modern philosophy, its origins are not well understood. This paper aims to shed light on them. It examines the notions of empirical philosopher, physician, and politician that are employed in a range of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century texts, alongside related notions (e.g. "experimental philosophy") and methodological stances. It concludes that the notion of empiricism used in many histories of early modern thought does not have pre-Kantian origins. It first appeared (...) and became widely used in late eighteenth-century Germany, in the course of the early debates on Kant's Critical philosophy. (shrink)

Kant claims that the nominal definition of truth is: “Truth is the agreement of cognition with its object”. In this paper, I analyse the relevant features of Kant's theory of definition in order to explain the meaning of that claim and its consequences for the vexed question of whether Kant endorses or rejects a correspondence theory of truth. I conclude that Kant's claim implies neither that he holds, nor that he rejects, a correspondence theory of truth. Kant's claim is not (...) a generic way of setting aside a correspondence definition of truth, or of considering it uninformative. Being the nominal definition of truth, the formula “truth is the agreement of cognition with its object” illustrates the meaning of the predicate “is true” and people's ordinary conception of truth. True judgements correspond to the objects they are about. However, there could be more to the property of truth than correspondence. (shrink)

Immanuel Kant's work continues to be a main focus of attention in almost all areas of philosophy. The significance of Kant's work for the so-called continental philosophy cannot be exaggerated, although work in this area is relatively scant. The book includes eight chapters, a substantial introduction and a postscript, all newly written by an international cast of well-known authors. Each chapter focuses on particular aspects of a fundamental problem in Kant's and post-Kantian philosophy, the problem of the relation between the (...) world and transcendence. Chapters fall thematically into three parts: sensibility, nature and religion. Each part starts with a more interpretative chapter focusing on Kant's relevant work, and continues with comparative chapters which stage dialogues between Kant and post-Kantian philosophers, including Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, Jean-François Lyotard, Luce Irigaray and Jacques Derrida. A special feature of this volume is the engagement of each chapter with the work of the late British philosopher Gary Banham. The Postscript offers a subtle and erudite analysis of his intellectual trajectory, philosophy and mode of working. The volume is dedicated to his memory. (shrink)

This chapter discusses the relation between Christian Wolff's philosophy and the methodological views of early modern experimental philosophers. The chapter argues for three claims. First, Wolff's system relies on experience at every step and his views on experiments, observations, hypotheses, and the a priori are in line with those of experimental philosophers. Second, the study of Wolff's views demonstrates the influence of experimental philosophy in early eighteenth-century Germany. Third, references to Wolff's empiricism and rationalism are best identified or replaced with (...) references to his endorsement of the tenets of experimental philosophers and of a mathematical demonstrative method. (shrink)

The guiding inspiration of this book is the attraction and distance that mark the relation between anthropology and philosophy. This theme is explored through encounters between individual anthropologists and particular regions of philosophy. Several of the most basic concepts of the discipline—including notions of ethics, politics, temporality, self and other, and the nature of human life—are products of a dialogue, both implicit and explicit, between anthropology and philosophy. These philosophical undercurrents in anthropology also speak to the question of what it (...) is to experience our being in a world marked by radical difference and otherness. In The Ground Between, twelve leading anthropologists offer intimate reflections on the influence of particular philosophers on their way of seeing the world, and on what ethnography has taught them about philosophy. Ethnographies of the mundane and the everyday raise fundamental issues that the contributors grapple with in both their lives and their thinking. With directness and honesty, they relate particular philosophers to matters such as how to respond to the suffering of the other, how concepts arise in the give and take of everyday life, and how to be attuned to the world through the senses. Their essays challenge the idea that philosophy is solely the province of professional philosophers, and suggest that certain modalities of being in the world might be construed as ways of doing philosophy. Contributors. João Biehl, Steven C. Caton, Vincent Crapanzano, Veena Das, Didier Fassin, Michael M. J. Fischer, Ghassan Hage, Clara Han, Michael Jackson, Arthur Kleinman, Michael Puett, Bhrigupati Singh. (shrink)

How do we form concepts like those of three, bicycle and red? According to Kant, we form them by carrying out acts of comparison, reflection and abstraction on information provided by the senses. Kant's answer raised numerous objections from philosophers and psychologists alike. "Kant e la formazione dei concetti" argues that Kant is able to rebut those objections. The book shows that, for Kant, it is possible to perceive objects without employing concepts; it explains how, given those perceptions, we can (...) form categories and empirical concepts; and it argues that theories like Kant's - abstractionist theories of concept formation - are more plausible than is often assumed. (shrink)

This article reconstructs Kant's view on the existential import of categorical sentences. Kant is widely taken to have held that affirmative sentences (the A and I sentences of the traditional square of opposition) have existential import, whereas negative sentences (E and O) lack existential import. The article challenges this standard interpretation. It is argued that Kant ascribes existential import only to some affirmative synthetic sentences. However, the reasons for this do not fall within the remit of Kant's formal logic. Unlike (...) traditional logic and modern standard quantification theory, Kant's formal logic is free from existential commitments. (shrink)

In July 1907 the Holy Office issued the decree „Lamentabili“, which has been regarded as the first important formulation of the antimodernism prevalent under Pope Pius X. This essay offers the first reconstruction of the internal history of „Lamentabili“ as a document, based on the archival material in the Roman Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The history behind Lamentabili goes back to the censuring of Loisy's main works in 1903. The long and difficult process of drafting and discussing (...) the propositions of „Lamentabili“ reveals divergent opinions about Loisy and the entire „modernist“ problem within the Holy Office. Lamentabili bears traces of attenuation and compromise, and it seems probable that the necessity of drafting the papal Encylica „Pascendi“ against the errors of the „Modernists“ sprang from the dissatisfaction of leading antimodernists with the formalized and tedious process of conducting discussions within the Roman Inquisition. (shrink)

Many scholars claimed that, according to Immanuel Kant, some judgements lack a truth-value: analytic judgements, judgements about items of which humans cannot have experience, judgements of perception, and non-assertoric judgements. However, no one has undertaken an extensive examination of the textual evidence for those claims. Based on an analysis of Kant's texts, I argue that: (1) according to Kant, only judgements of perception are not truth-apt. All other judgements are truth-apt, including analytic judgements and judgements about items of which humans (...) cannot have experience. (2) Kant sometimes states that truth-apt judgements are actual bearers of truth or falsity only when they are taken to state what is actually the case. Kant calls these judgements assertoric. Other texts ascribe truth and falsity to judgements, regardless of whether they are assertoric. Kant's views on truth-aptness raise challenges for correspondentist and coherentist interpretations of Kant's theory of truth; they rule out the identification of Kant's crucial notion of objective validity with truth-aptness; and they imply that Kant was not a verificationist about truth or meaning. (shrink)

In empirical modeling, mathematics has an important utility in transforming descriptive representations of target system into calculation devices, thus creating useful scientific models. The transformation may be considered as the action of tools. In this paper, I assume that model idealizations could be such tools. I then examine whether these idealizations have characteristic properties of tools, i.e., whether they are being adapted to the objects to which they are applied, and whether they are to some extent generic.

This paper discusses Immanuel Kant’s views on the role of experiments in natural science, focusing on their relationship with hypotheses, laws of nature, and the heuristic principles of scientific enquiry. Kant’s views are contrasted with the philosophy of experiment that was first sketched by Francis Bacon and later developed by Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke. Kant holds that experiments are always designed and carried out in the light of hypotheses. Hypotheses are derived from experience on the basis of a set (...) of heuristic principles. The function of experiments is testing hypotheses in order to either reject them as false, or else to transform them into empirical laws of nature. To this end, we must integrate the hypotheses that are confirmed by experiments with the a priori principles which are the foundations of natural science. Compared with Bacon, Boyle, and Hooke, Kant has elaborate views on the one hand, on how our theoretical and pre-theoretical assumptions bear on experimental practice, and on the other hand, on how the results of experimental activity can be integrated with theories to advance our knowledge of nature. However, Kant overstates the dependence of experiments on theories. (shrink)

This paper compares Kant’s and Leibniz’s views on the relation between knowing subjects and known objects. Kant discusses Leibniz’s philosophy in the ‘Amphiboly’ section of the first Critique. According to Kant, Leibniz’s main error is mistaking objects in space and time for mind-independent things in themselves, that is, for monads. The paper argues that, pace Kant, Leibniz regards objects in space and time as mind-dependent. A deeper divergence between the two philosophers concerns knowing subjects. For Leibniz, they are substances. For (...) Kant, we cannot know whether they are substances. Kant conceives of knowing subjects as complex systems of cognitive capacities. (shrink)

There is a deep cultural anxiety around public expressions of maternalism and the application of maternal values to society as a whole. Julie Stephens examines why postmaternal thinking has become so influential in recent decades and why there has been a growing unease with maternal forms of subjectivity and maternalist perspectives. In moving beyond policy definitions, which emphasize the priority given to women's claims as employees over their political claims as mothers, Stephens details an elaborate process of cultural forgetting (...) that has accompanied this repudiation of the maternal. Reclaiming an alternative feminist position through an investigation of oral history, life narratives, Web blogs, and other rich and varied sources, Stephens confronts the core claims of postmaternal thought and challenges dominant representations of feminism as having forgotten motherhood. Deploying the interpretive framework of memory studies, she examines the political structures of forgetting surrounding the maternal and the weakening of nurture and care in the public domain. She views the promotion of an illusory, self-sufficient individualism as a form of social unmothering that is profoundly connected to this ethos. In rejecting both traditional maternalism and the new postmaternalism, Stephens challenges prevailing paradigms and makes way for an alternative feminist maternalism centering on a politics of care. (shrink)

Julie Houts has cultivated a devoted following as "Instagram's favourite illustrator" (Vogue) by lampooning the conflicting messages and images women consume and share with the world every day. A collection of darkly comic illustrated essays, Literally Me chronicles the daily exploits of "slightly antisocial heroines" (Refinery29) in vivid, excruciatingly funny detail, including: -The beauty routine of a deranged bride who aspires to be "truly without flaws" on her wedding day -What happens when Kylie Jenner has an existential crisis and (...) can no longer "step out" -A journey to Coachella by the Four Horsewomen of the Apocalypse -The true dating confessions of a fembot -The terrifying description for Alice Staunch's book How to be the Perfect Feminist -The diary of Fiddle Ficus, a tree that lives inside a CÉLINE store, and much more. Literally Me marks the launch of a brilliant new social satirist. Julie's singular voice and beautiful illustrations reveal the truth about the absurdity of life in the social media age: the line between becoming a total `Girlboss' and a 21st-century American Psycho is razor-thin."--Dust jacket. (shrink)

Some interesting exceptions notwithstanding, the traditional logic of economic efficiency has long favored hierarchical forms of organization and disfavored democracy in business. What does the balance of arguments look like, however, when values besides efficient revenue production are brought into the picture? The question is not hypothetical: In recent years, an ever increasing number of corporations have developed and adopted socially responsible behaviors, thereby hybridizing aspects of corporate businesses and social organizations. We argue that the joint pursuit of financial and (...) social objectives warrants significant rethinking of organizational democracy’s merits compared both to hierarchy and to non-democratic alternatives to hierarchy. In making this argument, we draw on an extensive literature review to document the relative lack of substantive discussion of organizational democracy since 1960. And we draw lessons from political theory, suggesting that the success of political democracy in integrating diverse values offers some grounds for asserting parallel virtues in the business case. (shrink)

This article discusses what is involved in having full moral status, as opposed to a lesser degree of moral status and surveys different views of the grounds of moral status as well as the arguments for attributing a particular degree of moral status on the basis of those grounds.

"Faith Has Its Reasons" shows readers how struggles, heartache, and tears can transform from a nightmare into a ministry. This book contains the encouragement to take the first steps out of grief and climb the mountain out of the valley of the shadow of death. This book will also inspire those that may question heaven. A child's amazing visits to heaven gave him the courage to tell others about Jesus. His bravery and boldness after dying and losing his father will (...) open your eyes to how God can use an unthinkable tragedy for His glory. If you have endured a catastrophic loss and questioned God, this book will show you how to persevere and find happiness again. (shrink)

This chapter outlines Kant’s account of empirical concept formation and discusses two objections that have been advanced against it. Kant holds that we form empirical concepts, such as colour concepts, by comparing sensory representations of individuals, identifying shared features, and abstracting from the differences between them. According to the first objection, we cannot acquire colour concepts in this way because there is no feature that all and only the instances of a given colour share and the boundary between colours is (...) conventional. According to the second objection, assuming that all instances of a given colour share certain features, we can identify them only if we already possess a concept of that colour. None of the two objections is convincing as it stands. Kant can offer replies to both objections that are consistent with his views and with empirical evidence concerning the perception and representation of colours. (shrink)

This anthology of classic and cutting-edge statements in literary theory has now been updated to include recent influential texts in the areas of Ethnic Studies, Postcolonialism and International Studies. A definitive collection of classic statements in criticism and new theoretical work from the past few decades. All the major schools and methods that make up the dynamic field of literary theory are represented, from Formalism to Postcolonialism. Enables students to familiarise themselves with the most recent developments in literary theory and (...) with the traditions from which these new theories derive. (shrink)

Globalizing Feminist Bioethics is a collection of new essays on the topic of international bioethics that developed out of the Third World Congress of the International Association of Bioethics in 1996. Rosemarie Tong is the primary editor of this collection, in which she, Gwen Anderson, and Aida Santos look at such international issues as female genital cutting, fatal daughter syndrome, use of reproductive technologies, male responsibility, pediatrics, breast cancer, pregnancy, and drug testing.

This book is the most comprehensive and rigourous critique of the ways disciplinary boundaries still inhibit knowledge-production and integration.